Download PDF To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science By Steven Weinberg
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Ebook About A masterful commentary on the history of science from the Greeks to modern times, by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg—a thought-provoking and important book by one of the most distinguished scientists and intellectuals of our time.In this rich, irreverent, and compelling history, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg takes us across centuries from ancient Miletus to medieval Baghdad and Oxford, from Plato’s Academy and the Museum of Alexandria to the cathedral school of Chartres and the Royal Society of London. He shows that the scientists of ancient and medieval times not only did not understand what we understand about the world—they did not understand what there is to understand, or how to understand it. Yet over the centuries, through the struggle to solve such mysteries as the curious backward movement of the planets and the rise and fall of the tides, the modern discipline of science eventually emerged. Along the way, Weinberg examines historic clashes and collaborations between science and the competing spheres of religion, technology, poetry, mathematics, and philosophy.An illuminating exploration of the way we consider and analyze the world around us, To Explain the World is a sweeping, ambitious account of how difficult it was to discover the goals and methods of modern science, and the impact of this discovery on human knowledge and development.Book To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science Review :
As always, Steven Weinberg writes well and explains things clearly. His thesis is that the scientific revolution was very real and that it was a very real change in the way people went about trying to understand the world. Although he discusses possible reasons for the change, he does not claim to have reached a definitive conclusion. He concentrates on physics and astronomy and on the transition from the Ancient Greek approach - applying pure reason with only a nod to observation of phenomena - to the modern approach based on an essential combination of experiments, observation, and theory. This is not a full fledged history of science (or even of physics and astronomy) but a refutation of the viewpoint the science is merely a social construct, no more valid than any other viewpoint (e.g., religious mysticism). I think he makes a strong case, but then I am a practicing physicist, so I am probably biased. If you are interested in the historical discontinuity between pre-scientific thinking ("philosophizing") and modern scientific thinking, then I highly recommend this book.A note on the eBook version. While the footnote links work pretty well, the links to the Technical notes all take you to the first such note so you have to page through all the earlier notes before you get to the one you wanted to read. I found that annoying. I’m a bit of a pragmatist. My wife has probably heard me utter the words “form follows function” a million times. Something doesn’t have to be pretty for me to find it useful though I do appreciate good aesthetics. In fact, if something works well AND is nice looking then I’d say that pretty much rocks. But even if it’s “dog ugly” I won’t mind so long as it serves its purpose.I think my love for science can be explained by this pragmatic outlook. Science works and it works pretty darn well. Whereas religion has tried (and failed) to explain the workings of the natural world, science has given us answers to many of the most perplexing questions we could ever ask. And those questions that we don’t quite have answers to yet, science is diligently working on.This is the crux of Steve Weinberg’s latest book subtitled “The Discovery of Modern Science.” Within its pages, TO EXPLAIN THE WORLD seeks to paint a picture of how science has advanced in the last twenty-five hundred years. “Science is not now what it was at its start,” writes Weinberg. (xiii) Much of early science was philosophical and mathematical, relying more on abstract thinking than on empirical observation. Science rises and falls on data and as technology progressed so did science. (Or perhaps there is a tautology there!)Weinberg begins with the ancient Greeks and tells, what he calls, an irreverent history that seeks to laud the successes of past thinkers and to correct them where they were wrong. (xii) Isaac Newton, the famed British scientist, is of particular interest in Weinberg’s work, taking up a significant portion of it (see chapter 14 – “The Newtonian Synthesis”). In all of this story telling, Weinberg points us to how science operates:“We learn how to do science, not by making rules about how to do science, but from the experience of doing science, driven by desire for the pleasure we get when our methods succeed in explaining something.” (214)Indeed, there is a rush when your model’s predictions come to pass like the prediction of left over heat from the Big Bang is found in the Cosmic Microwave Background or when the prediction of quantum tunneling becomes useful to see the subatomic world. Science’s success is a worthy tale to tell.My favorite section of the book was a chapter focusing on the contributions of Arab scientists in the Middle Ages. Men like al-Biruni, an astronomer living during the Abbasid era, despised astrology and made attempts to calculate the radius of the Earth. Others like Ibn Sahl and al-Haitam made contributions to optics that Weinberg considers to be the greatest contribution the Arabs made in the field of physics. (110) Many of these men were Islamic in culture only, paying lip service to the religious leaders of their day. “Arab scientists in their golden age were not doing Islamic science. They were doing science.” (123)This book is in no sense a definitive history of science. That isn’t its aim. But what this book does do is to give us an outline of the significant contributions that many have made from the pre-Socratics to the dawn of the Scientific Revolution and beyond. Of all the things humans have done, science ranks among the greatest. Weinberg’s book is a testament to that fact.“So the world acts on us like a teaching machine, reinforcing our good ideas with moments of satisfaction. After centuries we learn what kinds of understanding are possible, and how to find them. We learn not to worry about purpose, because such worries never lead to the sort of delight we seek. We learn to abandon the search for certainty, because the explanations that make us happy never are certain. We learn to do experiments, not worrying about the artificiality of our arrangements. We develop an aesthetic sense that gives us clues to what theories will work, and that adds to our pleasure when they do work. Our understandings accumulate. It is all unplanned and unpredictable, but it leads to reliable knowledge, and gives us joy along the way.” (255)So maybe I’m about more than just pragmatism. Maybe science gives a satisfaction few other enterprises can offer. Perhaps there is a direct relationship between our increase in knowledge and our increase in joy.Perhaps science does give us joy along the way. 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